Carcunwan
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Carcunwan is a Hsue Language spoken in Carcuŋŭatu in Taratai.
Carcunwan |
Language in Taratai |
family: Hsue Languages
type: mostly isolating order: SOV (more to be added) |
phonology
Carcunwan word roots consist of one or two syllables fitting the following pattern:
- C₁ (G) V₁ (C₂) (V₂) (C₃)
in which:
- C₁ can be any consonant.
- G is a glide. However, not all consonants can be followed by glides.
- V₁ is any short or long vowel or diphthong.
- C₂ is a consonant from a heavily restricted set that can occur in this position.
- V₂ is a short vowel; either <e>, <ǝ>, or <o>.
- C₃ is either <r> or <n>. In the latter case, /n/ is the neutral pronunciation, but if another syllable follows this becomes the nasal at the same place of articulation as the following consonant.
consonants
bilabial | alveolar | retroflex | (alveolo-) palatal | velar | labial-velar | glotal | ||
voiceless plosive | p | t | c <ty> | k | k͡p <kp> | ʔ <ğ> | ||
aspirated voiceless plosive | pʰ <ph> | tʰ | kʰ <kh> | |||||
voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ <dy> | g | ɡ͡b <gb> | |||
breathy voiced plosive | bʱ <bh> | dʱ <dh> | ɟʱ <dhy> | gʱ <gh> | ||||
prenasalized voiced plos. | ᵐb <mb> | ⁿd <nd> | ᶮɟ <ndy> | ᵑg <ng> | ||||
nasal | m | n | ɲ <ny> | ŋ <ŋ> | ||||
voiceless affricate | t͡s <c> | ʈ͡ʂ <ć> | t͡ɕ <cx> | |||||
voiceless fricative | ɸ <f> | s | ʂ <ś> | ɕ <x> | ç/ʝ~x̟/ɣ̟ <xh> | h~ɦ <h> | ||
voiced fricative | z | ʐ <ź> | ||||||
approximant | β̞ <w> | ɹ~ɻ <r> | j <y> | ɰ͡β̞ <w> | ||||
lateral fricative | ɬ <ł> | |||||||
lateral approximant | l | ʎ <ly> |
notes and unlisted phonemes
- Palatals in grey cells occur as allophones of palatalized alveolars or alveolars with an /i̯/ glide.
- The phoneme /◌̃g̃̚ʔ/ or /ᵑg̚ʔ/, transliterated <ğ>, is not listed in the above table. <ğ> occurs between vowels. It slightly nasalizes its preceding vowel and is itself best described as a nasalized, unreleased voiced velar plosive followed by an (almost inaudible) glottal stop. It contrasts with /g/ and /ŋ/. /ʔ/ occurs as an allophone.
- /k̚s/ and /k̚ʂ/ are transliterated <ks> and <kś>, respectively.
- <r> is usually /ɹ/ in a syllable onset, and /ɻ/ in a syllable coda.
- /β̞/ and /ɰ͡β̞/ are allophones.
glides
Carcunwan has two glides: <y> and <ŭ>:
- <y> is /i̯/, /j/, or palatalization, but is always /j/ before <i>.
- <ŭ> is /u̯/, /β̞/, or labialization, but is always /β̞/ before <u>.
Both can occur after most plosives, fricatives, and nasals, as well as after <r> and <l>.
vowels and diphthongs
Carcunwan has six vowels:
front | mid | back | |
close | i | uᵝ | |
mid | ɛ <e> | ǝ | ɔᵝ <o> |
open | ä~ɑ <a> |
<a>, <i>, <o>, and <u> occur in long (as well as short) versions, transliterated as <aa>, <ii>, <oo>, and <uu>. The other two are always short.
There are four diphthongs:
- <ai>, pronounced /ɑi̯/ or /ɑj/;
- <ei>, pronounced /e̞i̯/ or, more commonly, as /eˑ/;
- <ǝi>, pronounced /ǝi̯/ or sometimes as /øˑ/; and
- <oi>, pronounced /ɔᵝi̯/ or /ɔᵝj/.
grammar
- Main Article: Comparative Grammar of Middle and Modern Hsue
(t.b.a.)