Carcunwan

Geopoeia
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Carcunwan is a Hsue Language spoken in Carcuŋŭatu in Taratai.


Carcunwan
Language in Taratai
family: Hsue Languages

type: mostly isolating

order: SOV

(more to be added)

phonology

Carcunwan word roots consist of one or two syllables fitting the following pattern:

C₁ (G) V₁ (C₂) (V₂) (C₃)

in which:

  • C₁ can be any consonant.
  • G is a glide. However, not all consonants can be followed by glides.
  • V₁ is any short or long vowel or diphthong.
  • C₂ is a consonant from a heavily restricted set that can occur in this position.
  • V₂ is a short vowel; either <e>, <ǝ>, or <o>.
  • C₃ is either <r> or <n>. In the latter case, /n/ is the neutral pronunciation, but if another syllable follows this becomes the nasal at the same place of articulation as the following consonant.

consonants

bilabial alveolar retroflex (alveolo-) palatal velar labial-velar glotal
voiceless plosive p t c <ty> k k͡p <kp> ʔ <ğ>
aspirated voiceless plosive pʰ <ph> kʰ <kh>
voiced plosive b d ɟ <dy> g ɡ͡b <gb>
breathy voiced plosive bʱ <bh> dʱ <dh> ɟʱ <dhy> gʱ <gh>
prenasalized voiced plos. ᵐb <mb> ⁿd <nd> ᶮɟ <ndy> ᵑg <ng>
nasal m n ɲ <ny> ŋ <ŋ>
voiceless affricate t͡s <c> ʈ͡ʂ <ć> t͡ɕ <cx>
voiceless fricative ɸ <f> s ʂ <ś> ɕ <x> ç/ʝ~x̟/ɣ̟ <xh> h~ɦ <h>
voiced fricative z ʐ <ź>
approximant β̞ <w> ɹ~ɻ <r> j <y> ɰ͡β̞ <w>
lateral fricative ɬ <ł>
lateral approximant l ʎ <ly>

notes and unlisted phonemes

  • Palatals in grey cells occur as allophones of palatalized alveolars or alveolars with an /i̯/ glide.
  • The phoneme /◌̃g̃̚ʔ/ or /ᵑg̚ʔ/, transliterated <ğ>, is not listed in the above table. <ğ> occurs between vowels. It slightly nasalizes its preceding vowel and is itself best described as a nasalized, unreleased voiced velar plosive followed by an (almost inaudible) glottal stop. It contrasts with /g/ and /ŋ/. /ʔ/ occurs as an allophone.
  • /k̚s/ and /k̚ʂ/ are transliterated <ks> and <kś>, respectively.
  • <r> is usually /ɹ/ in a syllable onset, and /ɻ/ in a syllable coda.
  • /β̞/ and /ɰ͡β̞/ are allophones.

glides

Carcunwan has two glides: <y> and <ŭ>:

  • <y> is /i̯/, /j/, or palatalization, but is always /j/ before <i>.
  • <ŭ> is /u̯/, /β̞/, or labialization, but is always /β̞/ before <u>.

Both can occur after most plosives, fricatives, and nasals, as well as after <r> and <l>.

vowels and diphthongs

Carcunwan has six vowels:

front mid back
close i uᵝ
mid ɛ <e> ǝ ɔᵝ <o>
open ä~ɑ <a>

<a>, <i>, <o>, and <u> occur in long (as well as short) versions, transliterated as <aa>, <ii>, <oo>, and <uu>. The other two are always short.

There are four diphthongs:

  • <ai>, pronounced /ɑi̯/ or /ɑj/;
  • <ei>, pronounced /e̞i̯/ or, more commonly, as /eˑ/;
  • <ǝi>, pronounced /ǝi̯/ or sometimes as /øˑ/; and
  • <oi>, pronounced /ɔᵝi̯/ or /ɔᵝj/.

grammar

Referencearrow.png Main Article: Comparative Grammar of Middle and Modern Hsue

(t.b.a.)